Ethical Issues And Risks Of Organ Donation - 1550 Words

Organ Transplantation is the surgical approach to replacing failing, diseased or infected organs from one person, with healthier biological tissues or organs from a donor whose structures function well. Many people agree that to take and use organs from another source is justifiable within certain ethical boundaries. However it is when the need for organ transplants becomes overwhelming that these initial boundaries are questioned and challenged. This would result in the death of many patients as well as harm to the donors. Cadaveric organ donation Consent must have been given before the death of the donor for the use of their organs and body parts. Living organ donation. For cadaveric organ donation, there is a waiting list that has so far foreseen the death of many patients due to long periods of waiting time. Ethical issues and risks for the donor: Health Pain, discomfort, infection, bleeding and future problems are plausible. Psychological Pressure from, peers, the patient, family or themselves where guilt is often involved may eventually damage the individual’s mental and spiritual states. Resentment and forms of negative connotations may arise e.g. depression. If the patient is also of close relation to the donor, they may feel obligated or pressured into giving the other person one of their structures. Donors are not provided an advocate unlike the patient. This may cause discomfort and stress due to the surgery. Medical and ethical debates: Living donors are facedShow MoreRelatedOrgan Supply Vs Organ Demand : Ethical Issues That Arise1727 Words   |  7 PagesKirubel Tesema Debra Berry English 102-1417 23 June 2015 Organ Supply vs Organ Demand: Ethical Issues that arise Organ donation has the power to change a life ending incident into a life giving one. Throughout the United States many patients are suffering due to the lack of a vital organ, because there is more demand than supply of organs, many patients die without ever receiving one. Although organ donation saves many lives, there have been questions in regards to ethics that surround it. PeopleRead MoreEssay on Organ Donation1638 Words   |  7 Pagescurrent process of procuring organs for transplantation. It will also explore technology on the horizon and alternates to donation. The waiting list for transplant surgery far exceeds the current supply. Black Market organ trade in this, as well in foreign countries is alive and well. Donation is not able to keep up with demand. We have to take measures to ensure those in the most need are taken care of. We already allow people to sell eggs, sperm and blood why not other organs? I will attempt to showRead MoreFree Market For Human Organs1329 Wo rds   |  6 PagesMarket for Human Organs This paper introduces the consequences of allowing a free market for human organs and how it will help alleviate the shortage for such items, which has arisen a social problem worldwide, giving entry to black markets. A description of the market for living organ donors and cadaveric organs can be found below along with the advantages, disadvantages, and ethical issues these markets arise in modern society. This paper also discusses how the shortage of human organs has createdRead MoreEssay on Compensation for Living Human Organ Donation is Unethical1394 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Organ Donation is Unethical As technology continues to progress the feasibility of organ transplantation becomes a commonplace. It is very common for organs to be donated after one passes if it is the wishes of the deceased. As the supply of organs from the deceased is greatly outnumbered by the number of patients on waitlists living donors becomes an issue. Many times a relative or close friend is willing to give up an organ to help save a life. The question is: Is it ethical to acceptRead MoreThe Organ Of Organ Transplantation1426 Words   |  6 Pagesof the most significant issues concerning organ transplantation revolves around the just and fair distribution of organs. Due to the assorted and occasionally conflicting opinions of what constitutes as ‘fair’, in concurrence with a relative shortage of donated organs, many social, legal and ethical contentions have arisen. This shortage is portrayed by statistics shown on the NHS organ donation page, where approximately 10,000 people are on the waiting list for a solid organ transplant and approximatelyRead MoreThe National Organ Transplant Act ( Nota ) Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesThe first organ donation was successfully performed in 1954 (Major). Since then, institutions have set up many regulations and processes that have saved many lives by allowing people to donate their organs, but government policies in the United States have set up laws that prevent individuals to make choices about their own bodies. The National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) is a regulation that prevents those who prefer to profit from their donation. The purpose of the act was to, â€Å"prohibit the assignmentRead MoreLegalizing The Sale Of Human Organs1246 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasing need of organs for medical treatment, illegal organ black markets become more rampant. Under such circumstances, should the government legalize the sale of living human organs? In Joanna MacKay’s essay Organ Sales Will Save Lives, after analyzing from both receivers’ and donors’ perspectives deliberately, she makes her own credibility to conclude that since there are potential donors and potential sellers that have a strong eager to trade kidneys, legalizing the sale of human organs would bringRead MoreOrgan Donation Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagesthe boundaries on what it can do to prevent loss of life where possible. One example is the area of organ donation and transplantation. However, unlike many other technologies or procedures which can be built, manufactured, or learned, organ transplantation requires one thing that we can’t create yet: an organ itself. Because our increased life span causes more people to require a replacement organ when theirs starts to fail, the demand has far outrun the supply and the future only looks to get worseRead MoreOrgan Donation Should Be Mandatory1630 Words   |  7 Pagessubject of organ donation becomes increasingly important. For years, the topic has been t he source of many controversial debates regarding its ethical and moral ideations. Organ donation should remain voluntary for several reasons: first and foremost it is still considered a donation. Next, patients and their families should have the right to say no to medical procedures. And, lastly, bodily autonomy should be respected by healthcare professionals. Many argue, however, that organ donation should beRead MoreA Generous Gift or Financial Incentive?973 Words   |  4 Pagesdemand for organ donors far exceeds the supply of available organs. According to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) †¦ there are more than 77,000 people in the U.S. who are waiting to receive an organ (Organ Selling 1). The article goes on to say that the majority of those on the national organ transplant waiting list are in need of kidneys, an overwhelming 50,000 people. Although financial gain in the U.S and in most countries is illegal, by legalizing and structuring a scale for organ do nor

Factors Affecting The Development Of Anxiety Disorders

Research Outcome: ‘To what extent do familial factors contribute to the development of anxiety disorders?’ 1.0 Introduction Anxiety disorders are forms of psychiatric illnesses that result from consistent and excessive anxiety, marked by an individual’s emotional and/or physical anguish. Familial factors can heavily contribute to the development of an individual’s anxiety disorder/s, when their genealogy possess a history of traumatic experiences such as childhood abuse. Studies of behavioural epigenetics have shown that when ancestors experience trauma, epigenetic changes capable of causing anxiety disorders, are passed on to their descendants. Additionally, research shows that when individuals experience childhood abuse, they acquire serotonin deficiency and epigenetic changes also capable of causing anxiety disorder/s. Moreover, when individuals have ancestors with Epilepsy, their chances of developing anxiety disorder/s are increased, as they become predisposed to Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) deficiency that induces anxiety. Thus, when individuals are under the appropriate circumstanc es, familial factors greatly contribute to the development of anxiety disorders. However, in other cases, the influences of familial factors are not notable. In other cases, a sedentary lifestyle that promotes excitatory neurotransmitter production, and poor dietary habits consisting of caffeine, L-Tryptophan and Vitamin B6 deficiency, and skipping meals, can lead to anxiety disorder/sShow MoreRelatedFactors Affecting The Development Of Anxiety Disorders1872 Words   |  8 PagesResearch Evaluation: ‘To what extent do familial factors contribute to the development of anxiety disorders?’ Written in the form of a biological report, the research study suggested that the extent in which familial factors contribute to the development of anxiety disorders is dependent on the experiences and health of an individual, and/or their ancestors. To determine the factors appropriate to the question, the term ‘anxiety disorder’ had to be defined, leading to the understanding that it isRead MoreNeuroticism Is A Dimension Of Temperament That Can Potentially Play A Role1057 Words   |  5 Pagesdimension of temperament that can potentially play a role in disorders. Barlow and colleagues (2014) provide an understanding of this role, through the triple vulnerability theory. The theory incorporates: general biological vulnerability, general psychological vulnerability, and specific psychological vulnerability all interacting in the development of an emotional disorder (or neuroticism itself), particularly anxiety and mood disorders. Neuroticism is the tendency to experience frequent, intenseRead MoreVision, Skin, and Diabetes Are Middle-Aged Concerns Essay1382 Words   |  6 PagesIn addition, the ability to sense touch, pressure, vibration, heat and cold may be reduced. This is why the risks for skin injury increase. Aging skin repairs more slowly than younger skin, which is why wound healing is much slower. One of the factors that may affect healing is diabetes. Most type 2 diabetes occurs n the middle-aged adults, frequently after age 45. According to American Heart Association, over 230,000 U.S. deaths per year contributed by Diabetes. Many of the Type 2 diabetesRead MoreA Study On Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders1237 Words   |  5 PagesNeurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia and anxiety disorders, which typically emerge in children and adolescents, have been extensively investigated worldwide for decades. The pathogenesis and mechanism remained unclear, and no effective treatment has been identified so far. Recently, a variety of studies identified prenatal stress (PS) as a risk factor for neurodevelopmental socioemotional disorders (Khashan et al., 2008, Kinney et al., 2008, RonaldRead MoreSeparation Anxiety : A Normal Part Of Childhood Development1463 Words   |  6 Pages Separation Anxiety often known as SAD refers to a developmental stage in which a child experiences an xiety due to separation from the primary caregiver (usually the mother). It is considered to be a normal part of childhood development. The normal stage occurs around eight months of age and can last up until the child is fourteen months old. Babies and toddlers are not the only ones that suffer from this disorder. When people would see children crying once their parents would hand them to someoneRead MoreAdolescents And Adolescent Multiethnic Populations : Challenges And Opportunities For Enhancing Knowledge And Practice1148 Words   |  5 PagesAnxiety in Children Cooley, M. R., Boyce, C. A. (2004). An introduction to assessing anxiety in child and adolescent multiethnic populations: Challenges and opportunities for enhancing knowledge and practice. Journal of Clinical Child Adolescent Psychology, 33(2), 210-215. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_1 This article is an introduction to the larger project titled â€Å"Assessing Anxiety in Child and Adolescent Multiethnic Populations†. Cooley and Boyce (2004) present an overview of anxiety symptomsRead MoreWhat are Anxiety Disorders?1593 Words   |  6 Pages ANXIETY DISORDERS Introduction: Anxiety disorders are a constellation of mental disorders which is marked by extreme feelings of apprehension and trepidation. It is a syndrome which has both physical and psychological modules. Psychological symptoms include anxiety that is beyond the control of the subject, impatience, disturbed sleep patterns, difficulty in staying focused, and hypervigilance. Physical symptoms include sweating, palpitations and dry mouth. Although a bit of apprehension isRead MoreSocial Anxiety Disorder : Social Phobia Disorder1654 Words   |  7 PagesSocial anxiety is â€Å"a fear of humiliation or of being judged by others, and an avoidance of social situations where attention centers on the individual† (Martis). According to the Social Anxiety Institute, social anxiety has become the third largest psychological disorder, following depression and alcoholism (Richards). Commonly, victims of this social phobia have problems pursuing social environments, interactions, and relationships (â€Å"Social Anxiety Disorder†). The failure to fulfill daily requirementsRead MoreThe Abuse Of Drugs And Alcohol1365 Words   |  6 Pagescan negatively affect their child’s development. By professionals being educated about the negative affects, they can relay this information to substance abusers in order to hopefully curb parents who use substances. Parental substance abuse negatively affects a child’s physical, mental, and psychosocial development. Substance abuse affects on child’s physical development. A parent’s substance abuse habits may negatively affect a child’s physical development and this can begin before the childRead MoreSocial Anxiety And Its Effects On The World1738 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing specific to certain things or situations. Social anxiety is listed differently in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.), with criteria almost identical to those of social phobia with the exception that the fear be out of proportion in frequency and/or duration (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Its symptoms range from blushing and profuse sweating to heart palpitations and panic attacks. Social anxiety is one of the top psychological problems in the United

American Fiction Free Essays

Society seems to play important roles in the betterment of life of an individual. Following paper will briefly highlight the differences in themes of three novels; namely â€Å"My Antonia,† by Willa Cather, â€Å"The Age of Innocence,† by Edith Wharton, and â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† by Ernest Hemingway. Introduction ‘Age of Innocence’ written by Edith Wharton in 1920 is a story emerging from the 1870s surrounding an upper class couple in new York city awaiting marriage. We will write a custom essay sample on American Fiction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Newland Archer, a young lawyer, awaits his marriage with May Welland belonging to one of the riches and best families in New York. This marriage depends on the choice of bride made by Newland Archer but this choice seems to be doubtful after his interaction with the bride’s cousin, Ellen Olenska, returning from Europe after separation from her husband Count Olenski. Countess has decided to divorce the Count, a rather unacceptable decision for her family. Persuasions are worked on the Countess to make her return to the Count but all in vain. Instead, the interaction between Newland and Ellen grows until as decided by the families, unfortunately, Newland gets married to May. As Ellen continuously refuses to return to the Count, the Count and her family withhold all financial help and support to the Countess. This novel is based on a story and characters that are surrounded by their societies guiding these characters to do the right thing as ‘required’. Although running from typical societal rules, Newland could get married to Ellen but as the families had already arranged for the marriage of May and Newland, there was no way to refuse to the preplanned marriage and leave May, as families in those times were more terrified about being disgraced. Thereby assumptions and morals followed in the American society in 1870s are challenged in this novel with no condemnations of these rules and morals whatsoever. American writer Willa Cather wrote ‘My Antonia’ in 1918. This novel is composed of five books. The story encompasses some immigrant families from Nebraska who move to USA to start a new life. Antonia, the main character of the story, is the eldest daughter of a Bohemian family among the other immigrant families. Jim Burden, narrator of the story is the character who falls in love with Antonia. The five books of this novel highlight the life of Antonia starting from her childhood until getting married and becoming a mother. After a depression based suicide of Antonia’s father, Antonia survives a hard life on the prairie farms of Black Hawk, Nebraska. For the Harlings family in a town nearby, she works as a house cleaner and a cook gaining a reputation of the most beautiful girl in town that upsets the Harlings. Larry Donovan, Antonia’s fiance flees the town before marriage abandoning Antonia pregnant with his child. Antonia finds a happy life being married to Cuzak having ten children with him on the farms. Jim, on the other hand, is younger than Antonia but is involved in her while Antonia still takes him as a child. Jim attends college and starts studying and after a longer period, still having affection for Antonia in his heart, returns to Black Hawk and finds that she is now a mother of ten children and happily married. All Jim decides to live with now is the memory of Antonia and an affection that he has for her family. Thereby the main theme of this novel is change and transformations of life. ‘A Farewell to Arms’ was written by Ernest Hemingway in 1929. The story emerges from the period of First World War, surrounding a nurse Catherine Barkley who falls in love with an American soldier Frederic Henry. Cynicism of soldiers and displacement of populations that follow wars have been highlighted in the novel. ‘A Farewell to Arms’ is divided into five books that highlight the life and times of these two people during the war. These five books have highlighted changes in Henry’s philosophy about life and universe, as Catehrine brings order in his life making him understand the importance of values as morality, dignity, and honor. First book talks about the relationship in its beginning stages. The couple spends some time in Milan in summers, being the topic of second book. Third book highlights Henry returning to the battle unit and killing a sergeant for which he is arrested by the battle police for interrogation, where a possibility of Henry being executed arises which he escapes by jumping into a river. Fourth book talks about the couple reuniting in Switzerland. The fifth book highlights a quiet peaceful life being lived by the couple until Catherine undergoes hemorrhage during labor of their son that causes her death making Henry accept the sad reality of death making Henry understand the meaning of life, changing his cynical philosophy. Contrast between Three Novels A great contrast exists between three novels. ‘Age of innocence’ written by Edith Wharton talks about the societal rules being followed in New York in 1870s that includes an element of disgrace associated with divorce of a daughter in a family. Giving up personal desires for saving the honor and respect of one’s family is the main theme of this story. A caring aspect of society has been highlighted in this case where values and morals of a society promise to protect a woman within the secure boundaries of her family. Divorce in late 19th century was considered as a disgrace and an invitation to scandals thought of as a threat to women in their future life. On the other hand, a connection has been built between Antonia and her surrounding society in ‘My Antonia’. No caring aspect of the society has been highlighted in the story as compared to ‘Age of innocence’. Men that surround Antonia are shown to follow no rules and morals of their society, as it is evident in case of her first fiance fleeing and abandoning Antonia pregnant before marriage, making her face shame in front of the society and her family. Changes take place in Antonia as she faces these tragedies being alone until life blesses her with a husband and ten children giving her a peaceful and a protected life on the farms. There is no connection between the characters and their society in case of ‘A Farewell to Arms’. The main reason being the background of the novel, as it was written in the time of First World War when the only matter under consideration is saving one’s own self from death. Wars are defined as tragic thereby any story emerging from these times is tragic. The story highlights a tragic love story that sets in the First World War surrounding a soldier who gives up his military career for the fear of death. Solders think about the universe as being an unordered and an unprotected existence with no God to watch over with no evidence of justice in the surroundings. Morality, dignity, and honor are nowhere to be seen in the surroundings were war takes place. Emphasis is given to the brutality, injustice, and futility that follows the war as Henry escapes his cynical thoughts about the universe being disordered with the help of Catherine. Henry in the novel is shown to have a strong disbelief in God thereby there was no belief in faith having a relationship with life and morality. A strong atheistic belief existed in Henry and his peers linking it with nil existence of faith thus no morality, justice and no need of moral rules in the society. Henry is shown to understand the meaning of life by the ways he struggles to escape the interrogation and execution in the hands of the police. As the name of the novel indicates, Henry says farewell to not only the arms and his military career by making an escape but also to the cynical philosophy that he held about life. Understanding that struggles can be a part of life, Henry struggles to reunite with Catherina, although defeat waits in the end. However, all that matters in the end is to realize the meaning of an existence of the universe and a God. Thus, there is no connection of this novel with the other two novels, as the other two novels do not talk about disbelief in the existence of universe and morality. In fact, the characters in the other two novels have been shown to live in a society built around principles of morality. A strong role has been suggested by the two novels in the lives of its characters but there is no belief in society nor its existence in the case of third novel thereby there is no role of society being played in the betterment of the life of its characters in ‘A Farewell to Arms’. Conclusion There is a prominent contrast in the three novels. First novel ‘Age of Innocence’ talks about shaping an individuals’ life based on rules and regulations that are shaped by a society and families that surrounds him; as these morals promise to protect the individuals. Second novel talks about the slow transitions that take place in the life of an individual living in a society with individuals not following morality to protect an individual. In the third novel, the main theme is a change in the philosophy of an individual about life and the universe while struggling to reunite with his love while escaping death. Works Cited Johnson, D. Claudia. , and Johnson, Elso, Vernon. The social impact of the novel: a reference guide. USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. How to cite American Fiction, Papers